TO or FOR? Prepositions in English


 I'm Adam, and today's lesson is about prepositions; everybody's favourite little words that get in the middle of everything and cause you lots of troubles, and headaches, and confusion. Especially if you're writing, this is the worst part, but even if you're not; always causes problems.

Today's prepositions that we're going to look at: "to" and "for". Now, there isn't really a set rule for these prepositions; they can be used in many different ways. What I'm going to try to show you today is when to use "to" instead of "for", when to use "for" instead of "to". Now, to do that, we first have to look at why or situations in which we use these prepositions. 

So let's start. If you want to express a reason, - okay? -, then you're going to use "to" or "for". 
"I went to the store", why? "To buy milk." "I went to the store", why? "For milk." 
What's the difference between these two? Should be very clear I think. Here I have a verb, here I'm only talking about the noun so we use "to". Now, technically, this is not a preposition. Okay? This is an infinitive verb marker, but it looks like a preposition so we'll treat it as one for now. Verb, noun, that's the difference when you're talking about reason. 

Now, before we go to the next one, I want you to look at this: 
"I went to the store", whenever you have sort of a movement, - sorry -, and you have a destination... So by movement I mean: "go", "walk", "drive", "take the bus", for example. Anything that involves you moving or going somewhere and then you're talking about the destination, - means the place that you are going to -, it's always going to be "to". And this is very much a preposition showing direction. Okay? Now, there are of course exceptions. There are situations where you can use "for". "Head for the hills", "Make for the lobby", okay? But very, very specific situations, very specific verbs and you're not going to use them that often because they're not as common. Easier to just use "go", okay? 

Next: if you want to point out a recipient. What is a recipient? A person who receives something. Okay? 
"Give this to her.", "This is for her." 

Now you're thinking: "Well, her, her, what's the difference? They look exactly the same." So here is why I wrote: "verb". In this situation, you're not worried about the preposition, you're worried about the verb. In this case: "give", in this case: "is". Okay? When you... Again, when you have motion... And here, "her" or the person is like a destination; it's not a place, but it's the recipient. Recipient is similar to a destination except you have place and person. Okay? If you have motion and recipient, use "to". When you have situation, then you're going to use "for". Okay? So it all depends on the verb, not the preposition.

Now, another example: 
"Can you send this fax to her?" "Send" means motion, you're going to be doing something, you're going to be moving something. 
"I made this cake for her." 
"Made" -- you're not moving anything, nothing's changing hands. Right? You made it, this is the situation and it's for her. Eventually she will be the recipient. "I made this for her. Can you give it to her?" Right? So I'm using both: one motion "to", situation "for".

8 Tips for British English Pronunciation

Hi, everyone. I'm Jade. What we're talking about today is some pronunciation tips for British English. Some of them are tips; some of them are observations that you might be interested to know. We've got eight of them, so let's get started.


Pronunciation of-ed word endings. This is not specifically a British English issue. If your preference -- I don't know why I can't speak suddenly in an English pronunciation video, but that's how it is. If your preference is American English, this also applies to American English. So what I hear a lot at, sort of, around intermediate level -- sometimes upper intermediate level if you haven't had someone to correct you -- -ed word endings sound like this. I can't even do it because it's so unnatural for me. "Excite-ed shout-ed, remind-ed." It's so unnatural for me. But in fact, it's not like that. It doesn't sound like an -ed. It might sound like an /id/; it might sound like a /t/; or it might sound like a /d/. So I've got some examples here. This word, even though it's spelled -ed, makes an /id/ sound. It becomes "excited". "I'm really excited." "Shouted." "He shouted at me." "Reminded." "I reminded you to do your homework; didn't I?" And -- yeah.

So now, we can talk about the ones that finish with a t sound. "Finished. Dripped. Laughed." They don't have the-ed sound. So that's an important thing to know about pronunciation. Even if it's spelled-ed, it doesn't mean it sounds like that. And what about the ones that end with a d sound, a "duh" sound. "Remembered." "I remembered what you said to me." "Called." "I called you. Didn't you hear your phone?" "Imagined." "I imagined a better future for everyone." So with those, it's a D sound. How do you know for each one? Go with what feels most natural when you're saying the word. The main thing is don't force the -ed sound at the end of the word because it's that that gives you an unnatural rhythm when you're speaking English.

So moving on to -- this one's an observation, really. British English pronunciation. We have so many different accents in England. But one of the biggest divisions in our accents is -- it's between the north of the country and the south, and it's our pronunciation of these words: "bath" and "laugh", as I say them. I say them in the southern pronunciation. But if I were from the north -- if I were from the north of the country, I'd say "bath" and "laugh" because they have a different accent up there. Well, they've got loads of different accents, but they don't speak in the same way as me. So let's break it down into the actual sound. So if you're from the North, you say, "a". But we, in the South, say "au". So you say "bath", we say "bauth". And you say "laf"; we say "laugh". And you can also hear it in these two words. It doesn't have to be the first or only a vowel in the word. In the southern pronunciation, this is "commaund". But in the northern pronunciation, it's "command". And the southern pronunciation of this word is "caust". The northern pronunciation is "cast". The cast of Brookside came to London." "Brookside" was an old soap that's not on TV anymore, and it was people from Liverpool. And I was just doing the accent. Probably that's really irrelevant to you. You will never see that show, but anyway. You know, now.

Next tip. I don't hear this that often, but when I do, it sounds really, really, really wrong. And I think this tip generally -- generally a good example of how -- just because we write something one way doesn't mean we say it that way. So in English -- American English, too -- W sounding words are the same as the "wh" sound in words for spelling. It actually sounds the same. So we've got two words here, "wine" and "whine". One is spelled with WH, and one is just spelled with I. "Whine" is a kind of moan or a kind of cry. Sometimes, young children whine. Sometimes, women who are upset about something are said to be "whiny".


English Grammar - Prepositions to say where you live: AT, ON, IN








Sometimes the most basic questions can cause us confusion. Why? Because when you have a question like: "Where do you live?" you need to know which preposition to use to answer the question correctly. So let's look at the board so that you can learn to answer this question correctly and confidently. 
So, suppose you need to give your address, the actual number where you live, the number of the house, then you say: "I live at 35 Hill St." Okay? -"Where do you live?" -"I live at 35 Hill St." So when you're giving the number with the street name, remember to say: "at".

If you're just asked: "Which street do you live on?" Then you can say: "I live on Hill St." So when you're only giving the name of the street, use the preposition: "on". Now, just for you to know and remember: there are many words which basically represent the word: "street". You could have something like: "Street, Road, Avenue, Drive, Boulevard". Okay? "I live on Hill St.", "I live on San Fernando Rd.", "I live on Fairfax Ave.", "I live on Riverside Dr.", "I live on Hollywood Blvd." Okay? I don't, but hypothetically. All right? 

Next, if you're asked: "Where do you live?" as in the city or the country, then you have to use a different proposition. Then you have to use the preposition: "in". So: "Where do you live?" -"I live in Los Angeles.", "I live in California.", "I live in the U.S." Okay? So if you're mentioning the city, the state or the country then you want to make sure you use: "in". 

So: "I live at 35 Hill St. I live on Hill St. I live in Los Angeles." Okay? "At", "on", "in". 
Here are a few other points that sometimes you need to mention some more detailed information. There also, you need to know which preposition to use. So: "I live at the intersection of Pine and Maple Streets." So you have two streets, and you live close by so you can say: "I live at the intersection of Pine and Maple Streets." Okay? 
Or if somebody asks you: "Which floor do you live on?" You can say: "I live on the 15th floor.", "I live on the 6th floor." All right? 

And last, you might also sometimes need to give this information and you can say: "I live in an apartment." If you're in England, you might say: "I live in a flat." You could also say: "I live in a house." All right? So these are the three basic prepositions: "at", "on", and "in" that you need to answer the fundamental question: "Where do you live?" Now, to review that, next I'll be giving you a little exercise so you can practice what you've learned. 
All right, so we have two people here, Lucas and Sarah and we're going to ask them: "Where do you live?" And you help me to figure... fill in the blanks and to know how to answer the question.

"So Lucas, where do you live?" So he says: "I live in Miami." Okay? 
Next one is: "the 6th floor" so what does he say? "I live on the 6th floor."
"Where do you live?" "92 Bird St." So what does he say? "I live at 92 Bird St." 
-"Where do you live?" -"I live in Florida." 
"Kendall Dr.": -"Where do you live?" -"I live on Kendall Dr." 
"Where do you live?" "An apt": "I live in an apt." Okay? Now we know all about Lucas.
Let's go to Sarah. "Sarah, where do you live?" "65 Oxford St." So she says: "I live at 65 Oxford St." 
"Where do you live?" "London": "I live in London." 
"Regent St.": "I live on Regent St." 
"A rented flat": "I live in a rented flat." 
"The 10th floor": "I live on the 10th floor." 
And: "Where do you live?" She wants to answer: "England" so she says: "I live in England." All right? 

Good parent/school communication

l'ets learn something about parent and communication




 English expressions and idioms with the word 'Let' 

Let someone know (about something)
To tell someone something; to inform someone of something. 

Example : Please let me know about it soon. Will you be coming to the picnic? Please let me know.

Let's Say

Used to introduce a suggestion or possible example of something.

Example :Try and finish the work by, let's say, Friday.

Let's see (spoken)

It means you are thinking about it, you want to discover more of it.

Example : “Do you have any idea how many people will be there?” “Well, let's see – I don't think I could put a number on it.”

let me see (or think)

Used when one is trying to remember something or considering one's next words.

Example : "Now let me see, where did I put it?"

Let's call it a day.

Let us end what we are doing for the day. 

Example Mary: Well, that's the end of the reports. Nothing else to do. 
Sue: Let's call it a day. 
Bob: Let's call it a day. I'm tired. 
Tom: Me too. Let's get out of here.

Let's shake on it.
To agree on something by shaking hands on it. 

Example : Bob: Do you agree? 
Mary: I agree. Let's shake on it. 
Bob: Okay. 
Bill: Good idea. Sounds fine. 
Bob (extending his hand): Okay, let's shake on it. 
Bill (shaking hands with Bob): Great!

Let it (things) slide

To allow a situation to become slowly worse. 

Example : We've really let things slide over the past few months. The accounts are in a terrible state.

let someone in on (something)

To allow to know about something, allow to share something.

Example : I'm going to let you in on a little secret.

Let go

To allow someone or something to escape or go free.
Example : The kidnappers they let the hostages go.

Let your guard down
To stop guarding oneself against trouble. 

Example : He never lets his guard down because he trusts no one.
Edmund Blair Bolles, "Einstein Defiant: Genius versus Genius in the Quantum Revolution"
English | 2003 | ISBN: 0309089980 | Pages: 356 | PDF | 14 MB

"I find the idea quite intolerable that an electron exposed to radiation should choose of its own free will, not only its moment to jump off, but also its direction. In that case, I would rather be a cobbler, or even an employee in a gaming house, than a physicist." -Albert Einstein

A scandal hovers over the history of 20th century physics. Albert Einstein — the century’s greatest physicist — was never able to come to terms with quantum mechanics, the century’s greatest theoretical achievement. For physicists who routinely use both quantum laws and Einstein’s ideas, this contradiction can be almost too embarrassing to dwell on. Yet Einstein was one of the founders of quantum physics and he spent many years preaching the quantum’s importance and its revolutionary nature.

The Danish genius Neils Bohr was another founder of quantum physics. He had managed to solve one of the few physics problems that Einstein ever shied away from, linking quantum mathematics with a new model of the atom. This leap immediately yielded results that explained electron behavior and the periodic table of the elements.

Despite their mutual appreciation of the quantum’s importance, these two giants of modern physics never agreed on the fundamentals of their work. In fact, they clashed repeatedly throughout the 1920s, arguing first over Einstein’s theory of "light quanta" (photons), then over Niels Bohr’s short-lived theory that denied the conservation of energy at the quantum level, and climactically over the new quantum mechanics that Bohr enthusiastically embraced and Einstein stubbornly defied.

This contest of visions stripped the scientific imagination naked. Einstein was a staunch realist, demanding to know the physical reasons behind physical events. At odds with this approach was Bohr’s more pragmatic perspective that favored theories that worked, even if he might not have a corresponding explanation of the underlying reality. Powerful and illuminating, Einstein Defiant is the first book to capture the soul and the science that inspired this dramatic duel, revealing the personalities and the passions – and, in the end, what was at stake for the world.


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Vowed (Book #7 in the Vampire Journals) by Morgan Rice


Vowed (Book #7 in the Vampire Journals) by Morgan Rice 
Publisher: Mo,,.an R//e (December 6, 2011) | Language: English | ISBN-10: 098295378X | EPUB/MOBI | 304 pages | 340KB/413KB

In VOWED (Book #7 of the Vampire Journals), Caitlin and Caleb find themselves in medieval Scotland, in 1350, a time of knights and shining armor, of castles and warriors, of the quest for the Holy Grail said to contain the key to true vampire immortality. Landing on the shores of the ancient Isle of Skye, a remote island off the Western coast of Scotland where only the most elite warriors live and train, they are ecstatic to reunite with Sam and Polly, Scarlet and Ruth, a human king and his warriors, and with all of Aiden’s coven.

Before they can continue their mission for the fourth and final key, the time has come for Caleb and Caitlin to wed. Against the most amazing backdrop Caitlin could ever hope for, an elaborate vampire wedding is planned, including all of the ancient rituals and ceremonies that accompany it. It is the wedding of a lifetime, meticulously planned by Polly and the others, and Caitlin and Caleb are happier than they’ve ever been. 

Simultaneously, Sam and Polly, to their own surprise, are each falling deeply in love with one another. As their relationship accelerates, Sam surprises Polly with a vow of his own. And Polly surprises him with her own shocking news. 

But all is not well beneath the surface. Blake has appeared again, and his deep love for Caitlin might just threaten her union, on the day before her wedding. Sera has appeared again, too, and vows to break apart what she cannot have.

Scarlet, too, finds herself in danger, as the source of her deep powers are revealed—along with the revelation of who are her true parents.

Worst of all, Kyle has landed back in time, and has tracked down his old protégé, Rynd, to force him to use his shapeshifting skill to trick and kill Caitlin and her people. As they fall into his elaborate trap, Caitlin and the others find themselves in deeper danger than ever before. It will be a race to find the final key, before everyone Caitlin holds dear is wiped out for good. This time, she will have to make the hardest choices and sacrifices of her life.

VOWED is Book #7 in the Vampire Journals (following TURNED, LOVED, BETRAYED, DESTINED, DESIRED and BETROTHED), and yet it also stands alone as a self-contained novel. VOWED is 60,000 words.

Book #1 in Morgan Rice's new trilogy, ARENA ONE: SLAVERUNNERS (Book #1 of the Survival Trilogy), a post apocalyptic thriller in the genre of THE HUNGER GAMES, is now also available for sale.



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